Carbon concrete is a newly developed building material that contains a structured reinforcing material made of carbon fibers for stabilization. Since carbon concrete has a higher load-bearing capacity and corrosion resistance compared to reinforced concrete, thinner concrete thicknesses can be used for concrete structures. As a result, fewer resources are needed and a longer longevity of concrete buildings can be achieved. The mechanical processing of carbon concrete composites produces respirable particulate matter containing grinding and pyrolysis products of carbon fibers. If the carbon concrete composite is thermally treated prior to mechanical processing, as in the case of a demolition after a domestic fire, the composition of the fine dust may change due to pyrolysis. Therefore, the aim of this work is to characterize the organic content of the respirable particulate matter fractions PM2.5 and PM10 of various thermally and mechanically treated carbon concrete materials and to combine the results with those from physical and toxicological investigations.